Essay on Kant, and Causal Laws Analysis Essay Example For Students

Article on Kant, and Causal Laws Analysis Essay In the Second Analogy, Kant likewise clarifies what makes it conceivable to surmise the target progression from the emotional progression. He contends that target progression must remain under a causal standard. The emotional request of discernments is consistently progressive, however we can't quickly gather target progression from the abstract progression. To make this derivation conceivable the articles states must be dependent upon a standard that decides them as progressive. Kant makes reference to this prerequisite in the accompanying section. â€Å"must in this manner comprise in the request for the complex of appearance in agreement with which the trepidation of a certain something (that which occurs) follows that of the other (which goes before it) as per a standard. No one but in this manner would i be able to be defended in saying of the appearance itself, and not simply of my trepidation, that a succession is to be experienced in it.† (A193/B238) At that point, he describes this standard as something that consistently and essentially follows. Additionally, this standard must make the progress from an offered chance to the determinately tailing one potential, and fundamentally relate each recognition to something different as a rule that goes before. In like manner, the progressive conditions of an article must incorporate a connection of condition to molded, for example , that of the causal reliance of progressive states on a cause6; subsequently, the standard is a causal guideline. Kant clarifies the contention for the case that we can know about target progression if the progressive conditions of the item remains under a causal guideline in the accompanying section. â€Å"In agreement with such a standard there must subsequently lie in that which by and large goes before an event the condition for a standard, as per which this event consistently and . .. David Hume. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Lewis White Beck (1978). Expositions on Kant and Hume. Yale University Press. Arthur Melnick (1973). Kants Analogies of Experience. Chicago,University of Chicago Press. Gerd Buchdahl (1969). Power and the Philosophy of Science. Oxford, Basil Blackwell. Graham Bird (1973). Kants Theory of Knowledge. New York, Humanities Press. Henry E. Allison (2004). Kants Transcendental Idealism. Yale University Press. Henry E. Allison (1981). Supernatural Schematism and The Problem of the Synthetic A Priori. Dialectica 35 (1):57-83. Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena and otherworldly establishments of common science. Immanuel Kant (2007). Investigate of unadulterated explanation. In Elizabeth Schmidt Radcliffe, Richard McCarty, Fritz Allhoff Anand Vaidya (eds.), Late Modern Philosophy: Essential Readings with Commentary. Blackwell Pub. Ltd..

Destruction and Failure of a Generation in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsb

The Great Gatsby and the Destruction of a Generation   â The excellence and wonder of Gatsby's gatherings covers the rot and defilement that lay at the core of the Roaring Twenties. The general public of the Jazz Age, as saw by Fitzgerald, is ethically bankrupt, and in this manner ceaselessly tormented by an emergency of character. Jay Gatsby, however he battles to be a piece of this world, remains unalterably an outcast. His life is an excellent incongruity, in that it is a cartoon of Twenties-style conspicuousness: his wardrobe floods with hand crafted shirts; his grass overflows with the ideal individuals, all occupied with the genuine work of supreme detail; his idiosyncrasies (his bogus British articulation, his old-kid kind disposition) are ludicrously influenced. In spite of this, he can never be genuinely a piece of the debasement that encompasses him: he remains characteristically extraordinary. Nick Carrway mirrors that Gatsby's assurance, his grandiose objectives, and in particular the terrific character he had always wan ted sets him over his disgusting counterparts. F. Scott Fitzgerald develops Gatsby as a genuine American visionary, set against the rot of American culture during the 1920s. By praising the shocking destiny of visionaries, Fitzgerald in this way reprimands 1920s America as a period of visual deficiency and avarice an age unfriendly to crafted by dreaming. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald proclaims the destruction of his own age.  Since America has consistently held its business visionaries in the most elevated respect, one may anticipate that Fitzgerald should celebrate this courageous variant of the American Dreamer in the pages of his novel. Rather, Fitzgerald proposes that the cultural defilement which won during the 1920s was interestingly ungracious to visionaries; truth be told, it was these men who drove the most shocking existences of all... ...ible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan during the 1920s. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995. Defender, Leslie. A few Notes on F. Scott Fitzgerald. Mizener 70-76. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. 1925. New York: Scribner Classic, 1986. Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Extremes. New York: Pantheon, 1994. Posnock, Ross. 'A New World, Material Without Being Real': Fitzgerald's Critique of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby. Critical Essays on Scott Fitzgerald's Extraordinary Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston: Hall, 1984. 201-13. Raleigh, John Henry. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. Mizener 99-103. Spindler, Michael. American Literature and Social Change. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1983. Trilling, Lionel. F. Scott Fitzgerald. Critical Essays on Scott Fitzgerald's Extraordinary Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston: Hall, 1984. 13-20. Â

Inclusive Education For All Example

Inclusive Education For All Example Inclusive Education For All â€" Essay Example > Inclusive Teaching: Strategies for the Teacher 2006IntroductionIn a public school environment, there are often clashes amongst children due to differing personality traits, physical challenges, belief and value systems, and cultural identities. Sadly, there are many issues surrounding the problem with multicultural and racial harmony in the classroom and this is often left to the teacher to find a resolution. Quite often, the problem stems from a lack of knowledge about another culture and when this is the core problem it is easier for the teacher to introduce ideas about another culture into the classroom. Besides, the classroom may be composed of students with different levels of physical and mental abilities and the teacher must be capable of handling them differently. What most students can learn may be extremely difficult for a student with learning disabilities. The inability of the teacher to achieve inclusion of all students â€" whether they belong to cultural minority gro ups or are differently abled physically or have learning disabilities â€" make such students feel isolated and alienated. It is not uncommon for students like Luke, then, to find a situation when ‘Luke said that going to school was like being an alien, where there was this species that tormented him. ’ (Sunday Times 12.06.05). In this paper, I will discuss some alternate situations where the teacher should adopt steps for inclusion in classrooms. Then, I will adopt why such steps are necessary for the society at large. Ways for Inclusion of Differently abled StudentsThe world over, the school systems are increasingly moving towards “inclusive” teaching whereby regular teachers need to undertake strategies that have traditionally been used by special educators. Instead of the earlier practice of “mainstreaming”, by which differently abled students were taught in exclusive classrooms most of the times and included in the combined “mainstream” class only for some time , it is now believed that an inclusive strategy is more helpful. However, it is seen that while most teachers are convinced about the superiority of inclusive teaching in principle, they do not have the confidence for such teaching. In reality, however, it is the attitude and behaviour, rather than financial resources that hinder inclusive teaching since in most cases, inclusive teaching is imposed on the regular school system. Teachers typically relate to the class as a whole rather than to individual students. But, with students with different levels of learning abilities, the class cannot be considered as a homogenous group. Demands of students will need to be prioritised, incorporated and put into practice. Most importantly, teachers need to develop a positive learning climate such that individual students grow responsible for a collaborative learning process. The basic guiding principle in this should be to recognize each student individually â€" not simply the different level s of abilities but also their differing personality traits, their inner choices and attitude â€" and not as a generic number. The teacher should develop the students’ sense of identity on the whole and not just as a learner in the classroom (Paterson, 2000). Interviewing teachers from junior high school in Australia and Canada, Paterson found that many teachers relate to individual students by their personality traits:

Intended Conversion to Christianity in Flannery OConners...

I think that Flannery O’Connor’s short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is written partially in order to convert people who have not yet fully accepted the Christian faith. O’Conner, having a strong upbringing and solid Christian background, wrote this story believing it would help people who do not have a strong moral base and Christian convictions to seriously making the necessary changes. Flannery OConnor showed deep concern towards the value system of the youth at the time. She firmly believed in helping to guide the youth in a positive direction. Her belief that Christ was no longer a major priority to the people of her generation was a driving motivation. A Good Man is Hard to Find shows Flannery OConnors concern for the†¦show more content†¦Her characters never seem to find their redemption until they find God at the end. People of Christian faith have often criticized O’Connor’s works for being immoral, but in actuali ty, she writes about these extreme situations and portrayals of wrongdoing to express the power of God in a positive light. O’Connor both gracefully and skillfully shows the immoral character of the Misfit as well as the enlightened character of the grandmother. The characters in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† evolve through a sort of metamorphosis. There are changes that occur in their views of the world and their perceptions about life and death. In this body of work, we see those changes occur in the Grandmother and in the Misfit. The Misfit is shown to be constantly experiencing a deep inner struggle with his own convictions. We see this clearly in his conversation with the Grandmother. O’Conner’s skillful portrayal of the Misfit helps the reader to detect some obscure details of his behavior. These details, his gestures, his speech, and his thoughts are key elements in determining the Misfit’s state of mind. We see the grandmother become timid over the course of the story. She seems to have some type of identity crisis. Starting off bold and confident, we see the Grandmother very humble and timid by the end. Her ideas of what she should look like and how she should talk no longer mattered. O’Connor also shows that the Grandmother’s idea of a southern

Explore the Similarities and Differences in the...

Explore the similarities and differences in the presentation of female characters in A Streetcar Named Desire and The World’s wife In this essay, I will be exploring the similarities and differences of female characters in ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ by Tennessee Williams; and ‘The World’s Wife’ by Carol Ann Duffy. Both texts denote women as somewhat weak and incompetent and as having a predatory attitude towards the mainly dominant male characters. A Streetcar Named Desire was written in 1945 and it initially connected with America’s new found taste for realism following the Great Depression and World War II. William’s based the character of Blanche on his sister who was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Williams himself was homosexual, and†¦show more content†¦In ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’, the reader is able to see Stella fulfil the role of a protective mother when agreeing to send Blanche to a mental institution. Despite Blanches shocking accusations, Stella must ignore her sister for the sake of her child. Eunice says to her ‘you done the right thing, the only thing you could do.’ The reader is able to see the role of a female friend. In this case Eunice supports Stella through the difficult time. This is similar to ‘Queen Herod’ as in the poem, Duffy shows her as having a lack of sense when it comes down to her baby daughter. ‘Kill each mother’s son. Do it. Spare not one.’ Her sheer ruthlessness has been brought to light. In ‘Queen Herod’, Duffy also makes references to friendship and sisterhood. ‘The black Queen scooped out my breast,’ this quote shows that women are willing to help each other in their times of need. The traditional qualities of a wife are subverted in ‘Medusa’. Duffy presents Medusa as a woman who has been engulfed by jealousy, caused by her adulterous husband. ‘My brides breath soured stank in the grey bags of my lungs.’ This quote displays that Medusa was once young and beautiful, but as a result of marriage has become hideous. This contrasts with the character of Stella in ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’, who is a devoted and loving wife despite the way Stanley behaves towards her.’ He didnt know what he was doing....He wasShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagescertified Scrum Master. v â€Å"Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and their wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place

The Story of an Hour Free Essays

The possibilities of freedom for women were unlikely for women living in the late nineteenth century. Women were confined and overpowered by men. Kate Chopin, a women of the late nineteenth century herself, was a writer living within such a society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of an Hour or any similar topic only for you Order Now In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† (1894), Kate Chopin uses elements of settings–windows and door–in order to highlight the possibilities of freedom and the threat of confinement for women in late nineteenth century American society. Chopin uses figurative language of symbols and imagery to conflate the possibility of freedom with the physical setting outside the window. Chopin uses the â€Å"open† window as a symbol to suggest freedom: She juxtaposes the comfortable, roomy armchair with the window to demonstrate Mrs. Mallard’s feelings of freedom and comfortability within her own home now that her husband is dead. Mrs. Mallard looks out of her window into the endless opportunities she is now able to dream of:†There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair†(Chopin  147). She uses the â€Å"tops of the trees† as symbolic imagery to describe how Mrs. Mallard is now feeling free. The spatial relation between Mrs. Mallard and the trees outside is used to suggest that freedom has become more tangible than before: â€Å"She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life† (Chopin 147). Chopin uses taste imagery to suggest that Mrs. Mallard has become more aware of her own senses and perception of freedom:†The delicious breath of rain was in the air†(147). Chopin conflates the patches of blue sky–a symbol of hope–to emphasize the unbounded prospects Mrs. Mallard now has facing her. Color imagery is used to suggest positive emotion: â€Å"There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window† (Chopin 148). Chopin uses onomatopoeia–twittering sparrows–to evoke new life. The spatial relation between Mrs. Mallard and the eaves suggests she is closer to freedom and the outside world. â€Å"Countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves† (Chopin 148). The conflation of symbols and imagery with the possibility of freedom suggests Mrs. Mallard is beginning to feel independent as a women in the late nineteenth century. The possibilities of freedom are becoming more of a reality for Mrs. Mallard. Chopin conflates the spatial relation between Mrs. Mallard and the outside world with sensory imagery to make the possibilities of freedom concrete. Chopin conflates the spatial imagery –â€Å"something coming at her†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ between Mrs. Mallard and the  unknown to suggest that freedom is something new to her: â€Å"There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully†(148). Chopin uses animal imagery–â€Å"creeping†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ to suggest that freedom, once distant, has now become concrete and close. Sense imagery is used to portray new life: â€Å"She felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air† (Chopin 148). Chopin uses the color of Mrs. Mallards white hands as imagery to conflate and compare with heaven; the unknown. â€Å"She was striving to beat it back with her will–as powerless as her two white slender hands would have been†(148). The reality that Mrs. Mallard is beginning to feel freedom is something she would have never of dreamed for herself as a women living in her time. Chopin begins to manipulate the temporal setting by conflating the past and the present. Chopin is able to manipulate the temporal setting, symbolically, by foreshadowing the future. She conflates the present, new life and freedom, with the future, death: â€Å"She knew that she would weep again when she saw the, kind tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead†(Chopin 148). Again, Chopin manipulates the temporal setting by conflating the present, a bitter moment, with Mrs. Mallard’s future freedom: â€Å"But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely†(148). Chopin juxtaposes the â€Å"open window† with magical medicine, an â€Å"elixir† to portray the remedial feeling of freedom Mrs. Mallard is  experiencing:†She was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window† (Chopin 149). Chopin manipulates the temporal setting of the present to suggest a positive future for Mrs. Mallard: â€Å"Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own† (Chopin 149). Chopin conflates Mrs. Mallard’s past feelings of infinite confinement, with her present feelings of everlasting freedom suggesting there may be a long lived future for Mrs. Mallard. â€Å"She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long†(148). The manipulation of time allows Chopin to takes us into the future where endless possibilities await. Chopin conflates the physical setting–doors–with the possibility of freedom and confinement. Chopin uses the locked door as a metaphor to show that Mrs. Mallard is now in control, something that hasn’t happened before: â€Å"Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the key-hold; imploring admission†(149). Chopin juxtaposes the idea that Mrs. Mallard was confined and ill before she was in control of her own confinement with the idea she is getting better at last with newfound freedom: â€Å"Louise, open the door! I beg; open the door–you will make yourself ill†(149). Chopin conflates Mrs. Mallard standing up with the action of opening her own door to demonstrate how the possibility of freedom has given her a newfound confidence: â€Å"She arose at length and opened the door to her sister’s importunities†(149). As the door is opened by a man, Chopin uses the  latchkey as a symbol of confinement to suggest that there is still an inequality between men and women:â€Å"Some one was opening the front door with a latchkey. It was Brently Mallard who had entered†(149). Chopin has brought the reality of confinement and inequality back to life as Mrs. Mallard dies as a women in the late nineteenth century locked in her house. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† (1894), Kate Chopin uses elements of settings–windows and door–in order to highlight the possibilities of freedom and the threat of confinement for women in late nineteenth century American society. The possibilities of freedom for women were unlikely for women living in the late nineteenth century as women were confined and overpowered by men. How to cite The Story of an Hour, Essay examples The Story of an Hour Free Essays â€Å"When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease—of joy that kills. † MLA Formatted Essay Writing/ TIIC Writing Assignment: Submit a fully developed 3 paragraph essay to turnitin. com in response to the following question: Early in the story we learn that Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of an Hour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mallard is â€Å"afflicted with heart trouble,† though her unexpected reaction to her husband’s death may suggest an alternative reason for her poor health. What was the cause of Mrs. Mallard’s Death? Explain your point of view/argument citing the short story for support. Assignment Criteria: †¢ 3 paragraphs/ MLA Format (could be longer if necessary) †¢ Paragraph 1 (Introduction) includes: -hook -thesis statement identifying the reason you believe Mrs. Mallard died -explanation of thesis -concluding sentence †¢ Paragraph 2 (large body) includes: -Topic sentence -quote/textual support -commentary -quote/textual support -commentary -quote/textual support -commentary -concluding sentence †¢ Paragraph 3 (conclusion) includes: -Restated thesis -final â€Å"call to action† or message you want to leave with reader †¢ Must provide in text citations as well as a work cited page to accompany your essay. -Text source information to use for your citations: â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin Published by Perfection Learning, 2001 You may find it useful to consider the following questions: ? What do the characters in the story believe caused Mrs. Mallard’s Death? ? What lead them to this conclusion? ? What do you, as the reader know that the other characters do not? ? What does Chopin mean by â€Å"the joy that kills? † How would Mrs. Mallard’s family interpret this quote differently than Mrs. Mallard, herself, would? How to cite The Story of an Hour, Essay examples The Story of an Hour Free Essays The Story of an Hour: Discuss three examples AND kinds irony used in â€Å"The Story of an Hour. † Make sure to have one example of verbal irony, one of situational irony, and one of dramatic irony. One example of verbal irony in â€Å"A Story of an Hour† is the last sentence in the story which says â€Å"When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease—of joy that kills† (DiYanni 41) This is verbal irony because it is written that she died of too much happiness to see her husband, whom she thought was dead, alive. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of an Hour or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, it was because she was incredibly distressed to see him. One instance of situational irony in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is when Mrs. Mallard learns of the death of her husband. At first, she reacts as any person would at the news of losing someone close to them by crying and isolating herself. However her real feelings about her husband’s death are shown later when she thought to herself, â€Å"There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself† (40) However this feeling of freedom did not last long. Towards the end of the story her husband appears at the door unharmed. She then realized that she was not free from her unhappy marriage at all. Dramatic irony is also used in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† through Mrs. Mallard’s realization that she is free from her husband and with her death. While Mrs. Mallard was alone in her room she realized that she would no longer be bound to her husband but rather free to do whatever she should choose. However, no one else in the story knew this; they all believed that she was very sad and depressed. Josephine, a woman in the house, even thought Mrs. Mallard was making herself sick. She said, â€Å"I beg; open the door—you will make yourself ill† (40) However, Mrs. Mallard was doing quite the opposite by â€Å"drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window† (40). How to cite The Story of an Hour, Papers

Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven Essay Example For Students

Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven Essay The classical period (1750 1810)1750 1810 is what we call the classical period, and really any music not composed in this era is not classical music. Most of the well known classical composers come from this time such as Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven who I have written about know. Here are some short biographies of their lives. Franz Josef Haydn (1732 -1809)In Haydns life he wrote 108 symphonies for 36 weeks starting when he was 27. Most, if not all of Haydns music was inspired such as his first string quartet in 1755. He was encouraged by Von Furnburg, a musical amateur. After his first quartet Haydn was intrigued and produced many more string quartets that delighted everyone including Von Furnberg with their openness and charm. Shortly after Haydn divorced his wife he was familiar with Mozart. Haydn had recognised how great a composer Mozart was, far better than himself. So until the end of Mozarts life, Haydn tried to make other people notice Mozart as well as himself. To return the favour Mozart affectionately dedicated six of his quartets to Haydn. Haydn really enjoyed his music and he took most of the offers he was given like when he was given. So in 1791 he was able to visit London to direct some orchestral concerts. The next time Haydn visited London was in 1974 when he had six new symphonies. As he aged lie moved slowly, leading to his death in 1809. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)Mozart was a gifted child, and by the age of four he showed extraordinary musical powers and a year later he was composing music. His first major opera was performed in Millan in 1770, when he was only fourteen. In his short life he produced:41 symphonies38 concertos6 quintets29 quartets8 trios47 sonatas23 operas19 massesIn 1781 Mozart earned an unsteady living as a freelance performer and a composer. Not many he people recognised how great Mozart was, only a few fellow-composers like Haydn. He wrote his first symphonies when he was eight and unfortunately died after 35 years of composing music in 1791. Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770 1827)Beethoven was born in Germany in 1770, and after arriving in Vienna in 1792 he studied the composition and counterpoint of Haydn, Schenk, Salieri and Albrechtserger. He also tried to prove himself as a pianist and composer at the same time. He was successful and quickly won himself fame, first as an outstanding pianist then as a great composer. Although he was a brilliant composer he was often accused of producing violent, obscure or eccentric music. But this did not worry Beethoven just gave him time to establish his individuality. But Beethoven was best known for his overtures, his 9th one was called ode to the joy which is the most popular. Although he was successful in music he wasnt happy and showed so in his music until he died in 1827. BibliographyThe Watts Book of MusicHutchincans EncyclopaediaThe complete works of HaydnThe complete works of MozartThe complete works of Beethovenhttp://www.ask.co.ukhttp://www.yahoo.comGlossarySymphony-Musical co mposition written in form of Sonata but for full orchestra and usual comprising four movements. Sonata- Musical composition for instruments (usually strings or piano) in several movements. Concerto- Musical composition usually in sonata form with two or three movements, for a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra. Quintet- Musical composition for five instruments or voices. Quartet- Musical composition for four instruments or voices. Trio- Musical composition for three instruments or voices. Opera-Dramatic performance of which music is an essential part. .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 , .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 .postImageUrl , .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 , .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7:hover , .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7:visited , .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7:active { border:0!important; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7:active , .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7 .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud801636a59513e6c44764c143ab39fe7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Table 3.4 Some Common Polyatomic IonsOverture-Orchestral piece beginning opera, oratorio, etc. Oratorio-Semi-dramatic musical composition usually on sacred theme performed by soloists, chorus and orchestra without action, scenery or costume.

Ethical Consumerism and Twinings Company

Introduction Ethical consumerism has become an integral aspect of the modern economy. Individuals are increasingly making their consumption decisions based on ethical values.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ethical Consumerism and Twinings Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ethical consumerism refers to â€Å"the practice of purchasing products and services produced and distributed in a way that minimises social and environmental damage† (Attalla Carrigan 2001, pp. 560-578). Thus, an ethical consumer is a person who purchases goods and services that support environmental and social responsibility. Ethical consumerism is driven by the need to improve the wellbeing of consumers and the society, as well as, profits in a sustainable manner (Gemma Makatouni 2010, pp. 287-299). Given the increase in demand for ethically produced goods, companies are shifting to ethical marketing to improve their competi tiveness. This paper will examine the impact of ethical consumerism on Twinings Company. It will begin with an overview of Twinings. This will be followed by a discussion on the ways in which ethical consumers affect the company’s marketing strategy. Recommendations will also be made to enable the company to respond effectively to ethical consumerism. Overview of Twinings Twinings is a leading vendor of high quality tea in the world. The company was founded in 1706 in London where its headquarters is located. Currently, the company is owned by Associated British Foods and its products are sold in over 100 countries. Twinings sells over 500 varieties of specialty tea brands. Its mission is to be the leading producer of premium tea brands in the world. The philosophy of the company is â€Å"to be totally committed to producing the highest quality tea brands and make them accessible to everyone† (Twinings 2015).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Twinings has several organisational values that guide its operations. These include aiming high, freedom to act, scope for growth, and collaboration. The main competitors of Twinings in the global tea market include PG Tips Tea, Lipton Yellow, and Tetley. PG Tips is the main competitor since it has the largest market share of 25% (Pashova, Nikolova Dimitrov 2013, pp. 1-9). Tetley is the second largest competitor with a market share of 23%. Twinings has a total market share of 14%, which makes it the third largest firm in the industry. However, it has a dominant position in the specialty tea market. Twinings controls nearly 48.5% of the specialty tea market (Twinings 2015). This achievement is attributed to the market knowledge and experience that the company has gained in the last 300 years. Twinings also faces competition from small specialty tea companies in London. These include Teanamu, Tea Palac e, Tea Smith, and Postcard Teas. Impact of Ethical Consumerism 4Ps of Marketing Ethical consumerism has a great impact on the company’s marketing mix strategy. To begin with, the product strategy of the company promotes production of tea in an ethical manner. The company collaborates with its suppliers to ensure that the people working in various tea estates are treated fairly (Twinings 2015). Twinings ensures that workers in tea estates are paid living wages and their working conditions are safe. It also discourages discrimination and child labour. Twinings uses ethical sourcing to access high quality ingredients and packaging materials that have the least negative effects on the environment. The company purchases tea only from farms that promote social and environmental sustainability. Twinings also supports development initiatives in countries where it obtains its raw tea. For instance, it has partnered with Save the Children to support access to maternal and child health services in China and India.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ethical Consumerism and Twinings Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Kenya, the company provides training to farm workers to prevent gender-based discrimination in tea estates. The pricing strategy of the company ensures fairness. Twinings uses value-based pricing to sell its products. This involves setting prices according to the benefits or value that consumers derive from its products. Most customers in the specialty tea market are ready to pay as high as 15% more than the price of mainstream tea to access high quality products (Justorines Richard 2012, pp. 412-422). However, Twinings focuses on reducing production costs to deliver superior quality at affordable prices. For instance, the company purchases tea directly from farmers to avoid the costs associated with dealing with intermediaries. As a result, its suppliers receive fair prices , whereas its customers pay affordable prices. The company’s promotional strategy encourages ethical marketing. Twinings uses advertising to create awareness about its products. It ensures that its adverts provide truthful and honest messages about the quality and benefits of its products. This prevents enticing customers to buy products without making informed decisions (Amstrong Kotler 2011, p. 123). The company also uses public relations initiatives such as press releases to educate the public on the importance of consuming organic tea. The company sponsors research on the health benefits of consuming high quality tea. The results of the studies are usually published in newspapers and lifestyle magazines to educate the public.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This strategy improves the welfare of the community by encouraging individuals to consume healthy tea to avoid lifestyle diseases such as obesity (Tallontire, Rentsendorj Blowfield 2001, p. 3). The distribution strategy of Twinings promotes eco-efficiency and elimination of unethical practices in its supply chain. The products of the company are distributed by independent distributors in various markets. Twinings avoids abusing its bargaining power as a major supplier of high quality tea brands. For instance, it provides generous profit margins to support the operations of its distributors. Moreover, the company has embarked on paperless transactions by using digital platforms such as sales websites to minimise its ecological footprint. Sustainable Brand Innovation Consumers normally react to a brand based on the way they perceive its value or qualities. This means that ethical values are important in marketing because they can validate or damage a brand (Eckhardt, Belk Devinney 2 010, pp. 426-436). A brand must be a good corporate citizen in order to survive in a community where customers promote ethical consumerism. In this respect, the company’s brand positioning strategy promotes its commitment to incorporate ethical values in every aspect of its value chain. The company focuses on building a value-based brand that satisfies the needs of all stakeholders. It has adopted a green branding strategy to improve its brand citizenship. Green branding involves introducing ethical values such as environmental conservation at every stage of the product life cycle in order to maximise the benefits of a brand to the society (Xinming 2014, p. 17). For instance, using green energy and biodegradable packaging materials throughout the product life cycle enables Twinings to reduce environmental pollution. Twinings also achieves ethical brand identity by incorporating sustainable practices in all its business processes. The company promotes effective corporate gover nance, fair trade, equal treatment of employees, and product safety (Sadler 2003, p. 231). These strategies enable Twinings to create an ethical brand that is committed to corporate social responsibility. Consumer Collaboration Twinings has had to develop a collaborative approach to marketing to respond effectively to ethical consumerism. Products can remain relevant if ethical consumers participate in their creation (Brenton Hacken 2006, pp. 1-14). In this respect, Twinings creates brand communities, which consist of fans, co-creators, and champions who support ethical consumerism. Twinings has adopted brand community as a high-level strategy that supports its strategic goal of increasing profits, while minimising negative effects on the community. Twinings as a brand has evolved into a community-based phenomenon, especially, in Europe where it has a strong market position. The company has created a brotherhood of specialty tea drinkers who are united by the shared ethos of promot ing ethical consumption. This strategy enables Twinings to position itself as the only brand that understands and produces tea on customers’ terms. The company has created a tea club where employees and customers interact regularly to discuss the quality of its products. Nearly three thousand cups of different brands of tea are tasted by customers in the club every week (Twinings 2015). The feedback from customers is used by employees to blend tea in a manner that satisfy market needs. This means that customers have become co-creators of the products of the company. Customers identify with the products because they reflect their ethical values, as well as, tastes and preferences (Barnett, Clarke Cloke 2005, pp. 45-51). Employees are also committed to the brand since nearly all of them are passionate consumers of high quality tea. They strive to improve every aspect of the brand to satisfy customer needs. Brand community also helps the company to create awareness about its pr oducts. Members of the community often interact with each other in the company’s tea club and social media. The interactions allow customers to act as loyal brand ambassadors by sharing their tea experiences with potential customers (Pride 2004, p. 78). Online interactions create buzz on social media about the products of the company. Face-to-face interactions enable loyal customers to create awareness about the products through word of mouth. The benefit of this collaboration is that it reduces marketing costs since customers are not paid by the company to create awareness about its products (Ranchhod Marandi 2005, p. 82). Moreover, it improves the ease of attracting customers since potential customers are likely to trust people who have used the products of the company. As a result, the brand equity of the company has improved tremendously. Recommendations Twinings should consider the following strategies to respond effectively to ethical consumerism. First, the company sh ould incorporate ethical values in its market segmentation strategy (Pelsmacker, Driesen Rayp 2005, pp. 363-383). This means that Twinings should focus on serving customers who share its brand personality and values rather than the mass market. In this respect, targeting the behavioural green market segment is likely to improve the success of the company. This market consists of customers who have a negative attitude towards goods that contribute to environmental degradation (Banaji Buckingham 2009, pp. 1197-12230). The customers tend to be early adopters of green products and influence others to consume ethically produced products. In addition, they are not price sensitive. These attributes make the segment attractive to serve. For instance, price insensitivity will enable Twinings to charge premium prices to recoup the high cost of supplying ethically produced tea. Value congruence will ensure customer satisfaction and brand loyalty (Terpstra Richard 2012, p. 92). Second, the c ompany should focus on corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a strategy for achieving its business goals (Drummond, Ensor Ashford 2010, p. 112). Twinings should use its CSR initiatives to enhance sustainability through environmental conservation and improving community welfare. Environmental conservation will ensure sustainable tea production and acceptance of the company (Carrigan Pelsmacker 2009, pp. 674-687). Supporting needy communities will reinforce the company’s brand image, thereby improving its competitiveness. Finally, Twinings has to improve its product quality in order to satisfy emerging market needs (Freeman, E 2010, p. 132). Innovation will lead to production of tea brands that satisfy the health and lifestyle needs of customers. The resulting improvement in customer satisfaction will enable the company to defend its market share (Kazmi 2007, p. 114). Conclusion Ethical consumerism has become a significant determinant of competitiveness in the tea industry . Customers are increasingly becoming concerned about the social and environmental effects of producing tea. Ethical consumers have a strong preference for tea produced by companies that promote social and environmental responsibility. Twinings responds to ethical consumerism by using green branding strategies. These include reducing its ecological footprint and supporting vulnerable communities. The number of ethical consumers is likely to increase in future as the world moves towards a green economy. Therefore, Twinings should focus its future marketing strategies on serving the behavioural green market segment to increase its profits and market share in a sustainable manner. References Amstrong, G Kotler, P 2011 Marketing: an introduction, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River. Attalla, A Carrigan, M 2001, ‘The myth of the ethical consumer: do ethics matter in purchase behavior’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 18. no. 7, pp. 560-578. Banaji, S Buckingham, D 2 009, ‘Civic sell: young people, the internet, and ethical consumption’, Information, Communication and Society, vol. 12. no. 8, pp. 1197-1223. Barnett, C, Clarke, N Cloke, P 2005, ‘The political ethics of consumerism’, Consumer Policy Review, vol. 15. no. 2, pp. 45-51. Brenton, S Hacken, L 2006, ‘Ethical consumerism: are unethical labour practices important to consumers’, Journal of Research for Consumers, vol. 11. no. 1, pp. 1-14. Carrigan, M Pelsmacker, P 2009, ‘Will ethical consumers sustain their values in the global credit crunch’, International Marketing Review, vol. 26. no. 6, pp. 674-687. Drummond, G, Ensor, J Ashford, R 2010, Strategic marketing, Oxford University Press, London. Eckhardt, G, Belk, R Devinney, T 2010, ‘Why do consumers not consume ethically’, Journal of Consumer Behavior, vol. 9. no. 1, pp. 426-436. Freeman, E 2010, Strategic management, Palgrave, London. Gemma, H Makatouni, A 2010, †˜Consumer perception of organic food production and farm animal welfare’, British Food Journal, vol. 104. no. 3, pp. 287-299. Justorines, P Richard, J 2012, ‘Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 29. no. 6, pp. 412-422. Kazmi, S 2007, Marketing management, Sage, London. Pashova, S, Nikolova, K Dimitrov, G 2013, ‘Study of the quality of Twinings’ tea’, International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, vol. 3. no. 1, pp. 1-9. Pelsmacker, P, Driesen, L Rayp, G 2005, ‘Do consumers care about ethics? willingness to pay for fair-trade coffee’, Journal of Consumer Affairs, vol. 39. no. 2, pp. 363-383. Pride, W 2004, Marketing, McGraw-Hill, New York. Ranchhod, A Marandi, E 2005, Strategic marketing in practice, McGraw-Hill, New York. Sadler, P 2003, Strategic management, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Tallontire, A, Rentsendorj, E Blowfield, M 2001, Ethical consumers, and ethical trade: a review of current literature, Natural Resources Institute, Greenwich. Terpstra, V Richard, S 2012, International marketing, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Twinings 2015, About us. Web. Xinming, D 2014 Chinese consumers’ ethical consumption: between intent and behavior, Research Center for Chinese Politics and Business, Bloomington. This report on Ethical Consumerism and Twinings Company was written and submitted by user Athena Barber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Housing Associations In Delivering Housing And Regeneration Social Work Essay Essays

Housing Associations In Delivering Housing And Regeneration Social Work Essay Essays Housing Associations In Delivering Housing And Regeneration Social Work Essay Essay Housing Associations In Delivering Housing And Regeneration Social Work Essay Essay Housing associations play an built-in function within the modern-day lodging market with many being taking providers of low-cost rented and joint ownership places besides being major subscribers in renewing deprived countries. Most of the work carried out by lodging associations is in partnership with other bureaus presenting a complex scope of critical public assistance services linked to authorities schemes aimed at bettering the quality of life of many vulnerable people. The essay in the first subdivision will specify lodging associations and sketch their function within lodging proviso and country regeneration. The 2nd subdivision will supply illustrations of regeneration activities drawn from two lodging associations, foremost being Amicus Horizon who are based in Surrey so Clapham Park Homes ( CPH ) who are affiliates of Metropolitan Housing Partnership ( MHP ) A ; Clapham Park Project a New Deal for Communities programme ( NDC ) . The essay will reason by sketching techniques each administration employ to incorporate Housing Plus into their patterns supported by a treatment on the challenges the latter face within their function as they extend their remit toward run intoing the diverse and of all time altering demands of vulnerable communities. ( Header: 1999:25 ) defines Housing associations as being charitable not-for-profit administrations that build, renovate, refurbish and manage or maintain belongingss. 1988 signalled a displacement in the function of lodging associations from being complimentary to chief lodging suppliers following the function antecedently controlled by local governments ; ( Cope 2002:11 ) suggests this interchange was due in portion to lodging associations expertise in meeting specific demands of specialized groups. During the 20 first century community sustainability became topmost on local authorization dockets ensuing in lodging associations working jointly with local governments and a assortment of regeneration bureaus that ascribed to a holistic attack towards cut downing societal exclusion. The function lodging associations play can be put into four classs which comprise accepting nominations of possible renters through either local governments, self-referrals or through a command system introduced in 2009 known as Choice-based leases. They besides provide low-cost lasting and impermanent rented adjustment to low income households and work jointly with other bureaus to assist occupants keep their occupancies. Their other activities involve them back uping independent life through Anterooms or inns designed to bridge the spread between, for illustration, a renter go forthing local authorization attention in chase of support to keep their independency and or their reintegration into society. Finally, they assist first clip purchasers with the purchase of belongingss through Home Buy enabling persons to portion ain and portion rent their places. The Home Buy strategy introduced in 1998, once known as Shared ownership, offers first clip purchasers the chance to buy belongings incrementally instead than purchasing the whole portion of a belongings outright. The benefit of this strategy is that persons can get down ownership of their belongings by buying every bit small as 25 per centum portions whilst go oning to lease the staying 75 per centum portion ; farther portions of the belongings can be purchased utilizing a method known as Stair-casing whenever their fiscal state of affairs improves. Consequently, the more portions renters purchase utilizing this method reduces the ratio of rental they pay whilst mortgage payments increase until the buyer secures entire ownership of the belongings. Housing associations modus operandi activities are funded via rental income and service charge payments made by those populating in their belongingss ; all excesss are reinvested into the concern to fund things such as fixs, care or to run into developmental costs. The balance of their support since 2008, has been provided by the individual lodging and regeneration organic structure for England, viz. The Homes and Communities Agency ; once the Housing Cooperation. Housing associations can besides borrow capital from Bankss for the exclusive intent of puting in belongingss to convey them up to the Decent Homes Standards 2010 to guarantee that their belongingss meet rigorous authorities criterions associating to construction, safety and insularity. This policy has been important in conveying about major betterments to many bedraggled countries such as was antecedently the instance with Clapham Park estate ; the underpinning rule is that every individual irrespective of background, is entitled to populate in a nice place at a monetary value they can afford www.dclg.gov.uk Housing associations have a duty to both their occupants and others they are contractually obligated to are required to be registered with the Tenants Services Association ( TSA ) , once the Housing Corporation, who regulate and monitor their activities to guarantee that their occupant s positions and sentiments help to inform their overarching policies, actions and processs. All lodging associations registered with the, , must show suited degrees of attesting there are accountable to both occupants and funding organic structures hence guarantee their processs substantiate attachment to this status is overt they are contractually obligated to. It every bit of import that lodging associations This and transparent in their operations and must instate processs that show they comply with their regulative codification which stipulate transparent and accountable ; it is besides, who regulate and monitor their activities to guarantee that they maintain transparence and answerability in conformity with. are required to show appropriate degrees of answerability to their occupants A ; others they are contractually obligated to and guarantee that their activities policies and processs reflect resident positions and sentiments. Basically through the proviso of capacity edifice and information that will assist renters to act upon how their places and environments are managed. www.tenantservicesauthority.org, The other regulative organic structure is the Audit Commission who ensures that lodging associations manage public financess expeditiously and are accountable to the populace and authorities. The Commission ensures that publicity of good pattern and high criterions are utilised when lodging associations are working with vulnerable groups www.auditcommission.gov.uk. Clapham Park s history. This peculiar estate was ill-famed for its highly high degrees of societal jobs, neglect and gross disrepair. However, following New Labours 1997 election win, the estate was awarded ?56 million from the DCLG ( Department of Communities and Local Government ) to transform the country over a 10 twelvemonth period as portion of New Deal for Communities ( NDC ) . These three old ages of community audience between the occupants and Lambeth Council followed, climaxing in 59.3 % of renters and 62.8 % of lessees electing Metropolitan Housing Partnership ( MHP ) to pull off their places following the stock the Large Scale Voluntary Transfer ( LSVT ) of the in 2006. A trade name new, occupant led lodging association, viz. Clapham Park Homes was created in 2005 to transport out much needed redevelopment work. The Clapham Park Project ( NDC ) worked with occupants to develop the Master program which defined schemes to convey the 2010 Decent Homes policy onto the estate in coaction with assorted bureaus from across the populace, private and voluntary sectors. The program besides community investing enterprises designed to assist communities improve their independent life accomplishments, generate employment chances and offer lodging related support to vulnerable occupants which harmonizing to hypertext transfer protocol: //www.renewal.net can assist to cut down jobs that can take to or exacerbate homelessness or institutionalisation. Participative democracy presented a first clip chance for occupants to play an active function in act uponing local authorities determinations, which harmonizing to ( Hawtin 1998 ) , is nucleus to successful regeneration as local input secures local support and therefore provides indispensable information that ensures that all members of the community are represented ( Hawtin et al 1998:45 ) . The Joseph Rowntree Foundation confirms this impression when they say that ; There will be no sustainable alteration unless communities themselves are given the power and duty to take action www.jrf.org.uk. Housing associations function in country regeneration As elective leaders of the CPP ( Clapham Park Project ) , MHP are responsibility edge to foremost, work under the way of the Clapham Park Board which consists of spouses from across the sectors. Second, they are to presume overall duty in sourcing appropriate stuffs, set uping communicating and information sharing systems, monitoring, measuring methods and the supervising of all elements of the undertaking. Third, to guarantee that the program works in conformity with specified demands agreed at the beginning ( Reiss 2001:38 ) . This undermentioned subdivision will look at the types of undertakings that have been set up by MHP and CPH to turn to societal exclusion and will look at the advancement made by Metropolitan since the stock transference. MHP function Efficaciously, the Master Plan comprises five key subjects which are headed by front line directors who regularly feed back advancement to the CPH proctor and rating squads and CPP spouses. All undertakings work in conformity with the Housing Plus agenda covering Business, Employment and Training ( BET ) , Health and Social Care, Community Safety, Neighbourhood Management and Education and Youth. Let us hold a brief overview of each constituent. BET This strategy works in partnership with Job Centre Plus and offers an employment and preparation service covering client attention and IT and free commissioned concern preparation classs. Its overall purpose is to increase the employability chances of local people. Health and Social Care Caters for the wellness demands of occupants through partnering with Lambeth PCT ( Primary Care Trust ) and offers a series of wellness direction programmes for people enduring with long term wellness conditions. They besides joined the Alcohol Project and offer advice on nutrition. Community Safety PCSO ( Police Community Support officers ) work in partnership with the Metropolitan Police and police the country as a agency of cut downing offense and ASB ( Anti Sociable Behaviour ) . Neighbourhood Management This strategy involves working with Lambeth environmental Services to better the physical environment of the country through advancing recycling and energy efficiency in understanding with Agenda 21. Education and Young person A programme that works jointly with local schools and young person nines and runs a series of gardening undertakings, and place work nines to assist raise the educational accomplishment of local kids. There is besides the In-volve programme, which helps to turn to communicating issues between immature people and their parents. This will be expanded upon on page seven. All of these programmes clearly demonstrate MHP efforts to associate with community investing and follow the demands of the Hosing Corporation and the Audit Commission in assisting to convey about sustainable alteration to Clapham Park. The inquiry that begs to be asked is, what has been achieved since MHP has lead the undertaking? Let us look at a few facts and figures. Since the stock transference, 90 per centum of occupants have reported satisfaction with CPH ( Clapham Park Homes ) service bringing. Two thousand eight hundred and 79 people have been helped to obtain places through Home Buy, ( MHP one-year study 2005-6: 7 ) . Crime has fallen by 18 per centum amongst young persons aged between 10s and 25 old ages old, ( Henry 2006:1 ) . Two hundred leaseholder occupants claim to bask better entree to services, ( Burke 2007:15 ) . Those are some of the success narratives of regeneration activity, but what about the challenges that lie within the field of lodging and country regenera tion? Challenges A recent Guardian newspaper article based on The Hills study makes for upseting reading. The study reminds us that despite all the attempts and accomplishments of lodging associations to renew countries, there still remain exceptionally high grades of homelessness and Hill blames certain factors for this crisis. Hill foremost claims that the bulk of societal lodging renters are in reception of benefits ; which he asserts is making concentrations of hapless people in peculiar countries. These groups are therefore prone to workless cape and ASB. Additionally, those same groups will neer be able to afford to buy their belongingss due to their deficiency of fundss. He makes three recommendations to undertake this job. First, that all lodging associations build and maintain belongingss that are of a high criterion, secondly, lodging associations should back up assorted income communities to assist interrupt up concentrations of hapless countries and eventually, recommends a call for major reform of societal security benefits through the beefing up of the welfare-to-work enterprise. ( Sampson 2007:6 ) . So now one can see that lodging associations are no longer merely lodging suppliers but as discussed earlier, are cardinal agents, used to convey about vicinity reclamation through strategic and co-ordinated joint-working. In other words, their remit extends beyond mere bricks and howitzer to encompass a more nurturing function. Amicus Horizon lodging association is an umbrella administration for a figure of RSL ( Registered Social landlords ) with whom they provide and manage places and services. Amicus aims to construct balanced and stable communities and make a safe and enterprising community, free from offense and a topographic point where people want to populate www.amicus-group.co.uk. They run a series of programmes under the streamer of Peoples For Action ( PFA ) which in likeness to MHP and CPH, nexus in with authorities enterprises that help advance commu nity wellbeing. The undermentioned subdivision will look at this in more item. The drawn-out function of lodging associations The ( People For Action ) PFA programme is headed by the PFA squad who deliver broad runing community based undertakings that consist of Regeneration Partnership A ; Consultancy. This undertaking supports local people with concern start up and entrepreneurship through partnering with local concerns. Neighbourhood Management A ; Regeneration, which focus upon bettering the external environment and green infinites, and eventually, the Community Investment Programme which perform finance direction programmes learning basic budgeting and lodging direction accomplishments. They besides provide a recycling furniture service for occupants who can non afford to buy furniture from high street retail merchants. The WIA ( Women In Action ) employment programme Teachs personal development and assurance edifice. This programme is specifically tailored to develop adult females who wish to work in male dominated industries such as edifice and building, but face exclusion and gender favoritism. Am icus are invariably seeking ways to develop and guarantee that they deliver best value to run into the demands of occupants and communitieswww.amicushorizon.org.uk ; besides in conformity with subdivision 13 of the Local Government Act 2000. Amicus Horizons efforts at regeneration seem to be successful, as their public presentation indexs suggest that they surpass their ain set marks for illustration ; they set a mark to back up 40 occupants to put up their ain concern but really helped forty four people into self employment. ( Amicus Horizon Annual 2005-6 ) . CPH ( Clapham Park Homes ) and MHP ( Metropolitan Housing Partnership ) are hammering frontward in their most recent In-volve undertaking which serves to assist parents pass on with their kids and therefore purpose to make better understanding within the place and better household relationships. Attached to this programme is a household residential weekend which teaches dialogue accomplishments and lessons on ethical motives and moralss. This programme is a new enterprise thought up by MHP in response to the increasing Numberss of ASB incidents that presently dominate the front pages of British newspapers. As society alterations, so do peoples demands and demands. More places are headed by individual parents and individual people ; society is easy accepting same sex relationships and co-habitation, people are populating longer, immigrants are traveling into vicinities and act uponing the traditional civilization of their countries, the list is by no agencies exhaustive. What is imp erative nevertheless is that lodging and services strive to run into the demands of this of all time altering society. So therefore, one can see that the of all time widening function of lodging associations is necessary in order to assist construct strong communities. Decision. Both MHP and Amicus Horizon study grades of positive alterations to the estates and vicinities upon which they have worked, through integrating Housing Plus and Decent Homes into their service bringing. They besides strive to widen their services beyond the function of lodging supplier. These claims may take one to oppugn the extent to which lodging associations should be more than merely lodging suppliers? But holding read the contents of this essay, one will see that there is strong grounds to propose that there is an absolute necessity for lodging associations to supply more than merely places. They must hence, provide the necessary support and accomplishments for renters to keep their places and independency. Equally, one must be aware of the challenges of unrelenting poorness that is so profoundly rooted within society, which unhappily is a lasting and unchangeable status. However, to counter-balance that fact, one can besides see that by supplying a more nurturing attack to their work patterns, lodging associations are possible innovators in taking the manner for making a more stable society as they continually strive to battle societal exclusion.

Judy's Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judy's Marketing plan - Essay Example Aside from this, the major airport nearby is also a good opportunity for an additional client base. 2. There are two things that Judy has to consider in entering the pet grooming and boarding business within her area. The first one is the addition of in-house pet sitting in her service. Since Judy has an experience in this kind of job, she is qualified to attend to the needs of her prospective clients' pets at the comfort of their homes. According to Rod Scofield and Russ Mclean, pet sitting has many benefits that are fitted for Judy's market. Aside from minimizing the risk of exposing their pets to traumas and possible illnesses, the presence of pet sitters within the homes of their clients even contributes to crime deterrence in the community. Pets are given personalized and comprehensive care that is missing if they are to be groomed outside of their familiar territories. It would also give peace of mind to the clients, knowing that their pet and even their homes are safer because of the pet sitter present in their homes. Another targeting strategy that she should do is to promote her services via the web. Since her market are web literate and experts, she has to offer her service to them through the most familiar marketing venue they know-the Internet.

The use of a Utilitarian philosophy works best to blance a business Research Paper

The use of a Utilitarian philosophy works best to blance a business organization,s legal, societal, economic, and moral obligations - Research Paper Example How moralistic are the actions of organizations to their customers? Finally, how does the principle of Utilitarianism help put all the actions of business organizations in check? Utilitarian Philosophy or Utilitarianism can be described as a mechanism by which happiness and satisfaction in life could be made available to all people without prejudicial consideration or discrimination (Goodin, 1995). Researchers have always found it difficult to give a single definition to Utilitarianism because it encompasses all practices and processes that would provide opportunities for ordinary people in a country to enjoy equal happiness and well-being. Goodin (1995) strongly believed that Utilitarianism is a public philosophy whereby governments make laws and regulations to control the activities of all producers of goods and services within the country in a way that they will not jeopardize the well-being and state of happiness of the consumers. Definitely, governments set up ethics and codes of practices to checkmate overt desires to maximize profits, undermine people’s social and moral aptitudes and fundamental rights by requiring that business organizations carry out their business functions in a manner that would not harm people’s lives (Goodin, 1995). In this perspective, the governments are acting like checkmate system or moral agent, reminding the owners of businesses their non-negotiable responsibilities or obligations towards their customers, in assuring that their satisfaction and happiness are maintained. Governments somehow tolerate utilitarianism in order to ensure that the rights of all citizens are respected, and the governmental policies of equality are honored (Goodin, 1995). This fact alone makes it impossible for business organizations to cheat their customers and risk being sanctioned by the governments (Goodin,

Social Construction of Victims | Victiminology Theories

Social Construction of Victims | Victiminology Theories â€Å"Some victims are more deserving of the label ‘victim’ than others. Critically analyse this statement in light of your knowledge of theories in this area.† The word ‘victim’ can be associated with a person who has experienced some form of misfortune or suffering, however, when the word ‘victim’ is thought of in a policing perspective it is typically â€Å"used to refer to the complainant of a crime† (Wakefield, 2008:315). This essay aims to critically analyse the statement; ‘some victims are more deserving of the label ‘victim’ than others’, using different theories in relation to this. The essay will firstly; analyse two theories in relation to victimisation, secondly; it explore Nils Christie’s approach to the ‘ideal victim’ and lastly; the media’s role in representing the ‘ideal victim’ will be portrayed through the comparison of news coverage on the Madeline McCann case and the Shannon Matthews case. Historically criminology and criminal justice have been solely focused on the understanding of criminal offending, however, since the 1960’s â€Å"a variety of paradigm shifts, scientific advances, and social and political forces †¦ provided a foundation from which theories of victimisation emerged†, also known as the study of Victimology (Wilcox, 2010:978). This shift occurred when scholars decided to investigate ‘crime’ as more than just the behaviour and conduct of a criminal, instead it was viewed as a ‘system’ which involved a victim, time and place as well as the offender (Wilcox, 2010:978). It was in the 1960’s when a more socio-political movement anticipated for greater attention to be brought to victims of crime and their rights in the criminal justice system. With both scientific and socio-political movements it created an ideal opportunity for the development of different theoretical outlooks on victimisation. Collectivel y, these perspectives focused on many casual influences from lifestyles to broad-based social inequality (Wilcox, 2010:978). A major theory which emphasis’s these different influences is the radical theory of Victomology. The theory of radical Victimology, which emerged in the 1960’s and 1970’s, can be linked to the work of Benjamin Mendelsohn (Friday, 2000:62) and can be thought to be an offspring of Radical Criminology and Sociology. Mendelsohn’s argument for a vicitimology which looks at human rights and allows and investigation into the role of the state in determining who is a ‘legitimate’ victim and how the criminal justice system is concerned in the making of criminals and victims, is what is thought to be the origins for radical Victimology. As a consequence of this argument, â€Å"radical victimology acknowledges, in particular, those victims who have been rendered invisible† (Marsh, 2004:110). These victims, according to Quinny (1972), are best described as â€Å"victims of police force, the victims of war, the victims of the correctional system, the victims of state violence, and the victims of oppression of any sort† (Marsh, 2004:110). Accord ing to Marsh, it can be said that the idea of a ‘conventional’ radical victimology is what has been an aid for representing the problems faced by the poor and powerless which is a result of a limited structural foundation of victimisation (2004:110). Similarly to radical victimology, there are critical theorists who also address the idea of whether people â€Å"are aware of their social reality† and if it is safe to think that â€Å"the state is neutral in its response to crime and victimisation† (Marsh, 2004:111). The similarity of radical victimology and critical victimology is that they both attempt to theorise about the social issues within victimology. One version of this theory of victimology can be demonstrated through the importance of labelling, and as Meirs (1990) suggests that people may â€Å"claim the label, but the key questions for a critical victimology are, who has the power to apply the label and what considerations are significant in that determination† (Davies, 2004:38). In this version, Meirs uses the hypothetical outlook of â€Å"symbolic interactionism† (Davies, 2004:38) to enlighten his practice of the word ‘critical’. In general, critical victimology looks at the problems contained in the relationship between the state and its citizens; â€Å"it does not see the state as neutral rather the states mechanisms contribute to those victims we see and those we don’t see† (Marsh, 2004:112). Therefore it is not neutral, instead self-moti vated and self-interested and according to critical victimology this would raise problems when it comes to gender, race and class and how these are expressed in policy terms. Therefore, it can be said that critical victimology is a theoretical perspective which inspects the wider social context of modern societies which focuses on â€Å"the ways in which capitalism and patriarchy influence the ways in which victims are perceived and responded to† (Marsh, 2004:112). Both these theories explore the different reasons why some people may become a victim to certain crimes. In an ideal world any person who falls victim to a crime should be seen and treated as equal victims, whether they have been hurt psychologically, physically, financially or socially, but there has been the ever standing debate of what makes an ‘ideal’ victim and Nils Christie was the first criminologist to explore this idea. In 1986, criminologist Nils Christie created the concept of the ‘ideal victim’. According to Christie, the ideal victim encompasses at least six main characteristics; the victim is weak, they were involved in a respectable activity at the time of incident, the victim was in a place at the time of the incident where they could not be blamed for being, the victim did not know their perpetrator, the offender is seen as ‘big and bad’ or can be described with very negative connotations and lastly the victim has enough impact to claim the status of a victim (Lindgren, 2011:21-22). Christie uses the situation of an elderly lady being mugged by a male drug abuser while on route to see her sick sibling as the perfect example of who an ideal victim is, but the ideal victim also has an opposite according to Christie. His example of this would entail something along the lines of a young male who is drunk and in a dingy pub and is robbed by those he is associating with, Christie believes in this situation there is the prospect to claim moral accountability: â€Å"he should not have gone to such a bar, he should not have gotten drunk, he should not have associated with those types etc† (Lindgren, 2011:22). Regardless of evidence of any physical, psychological or economical harms, if an individual is not classified as a ‘victim’ then that individual risks little or no protection evidently because they are not comprised of the ‘standard’ vision of a victim of crime. Therefore raising the argument for; is there people more deserving of the label ‘victim’ than others, and what is the decision of being more deserving influenced by? The phenomenon of the ‘ideal victim’ arises questions like why some people – normally those from a socially deprived background or from ethnic minorities – appear to be less deserving of the label victim even although they clearly satisfy each category of Christie’s theory. It can be argued that the media are at large to blame for depriving so many individuals of the label ‘victim’ because not all victims of crime receive equal attention in the news or media. It has been said that â€Å"there exists a ‘hierarchy of victimization’, both reflected and reinforced in media and official discourses† (Greer, 2007:22). On one side there are individuals who have obtained the status of being an ‘ideal victim’ and will attract huge levels of media attention, creating a shared global-scale grieving, and generating possible changes in criminal justice policies and practices (Greer, 2004; Valier, 2004, Cited by: Greer, 2007:22). On the other side of the hierarchy there are the individuals who fail to obtain a victim status or are seen as an ‘undeserving victim’ which would result in that individual receiving â€Å"little, if any, media attention, and pass virtually unnoticed in the wider social world† (Greer, 2007:22). Comparisons of the news and media coverage from the disappearances of Madeline McCann and Shannon Matthews can help to illustrate the media’s role in representing the ‘ideal victim’. In May 2007 three year old Madeline McCann was reported missing while on a family holiday in Portugal. Her parents left her and her two siblings in their apartment while they went for dinner and when they returned Madeline was missing from her bed, and unfortunately it is still unknown what happened to her today. Madeline’s disappearance sparked international attention from the media and was described by the Daily Telegraph as â€Å"the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history† (Telegraph.co.uk). Then nine months after Madeline’s disappearance in February 2008 nine year old Shannon Matthews was reported missing by her mother. Shannon was found safe on the 14th of March and her mother was later charged â€Å"with child neglect and perverting the court of justice over her daughter’s disappearance† (BBC.co.uk) as she had set the whole thing up in order to receive money. Even although the Matthews case was a set-up there was still 24 days of Shannon being ‘missing’ and the news coverage and interest on her story was majorly lesser than that of Madeline McCann’s. According to an Independent news article after nine days there were 465 UK press stories released on Madeline McCann in comparison with only 242 on Shannon Matthews (Independent.co.uk). Also their Wikipedia profiles were both very different, Madeline McCann’s profile reached 2,182 words after only nine days yet Shannon Matthews profile only managed to reach 151 words after the same amount of time (Independent.co.uk). According to the same Independent news article the rewards offered for the two girls were significantly different; the reward for Madeline McCann reached a massive  £2.6 million whereas the reward for Shannon Matthews was only  £25,000 (Independent.co.uk). Therefore the differences in the number of press stories, Wikipedia profiles and reward figures, sparks the question of how do we understand the mediaâ€℠¢s discrimination between the two stories? The answer to this question lies within the origins of legitimate and ‘deserving victims’. Madeline McCann was a classic version of an ‘ideal victim’. She was a young, pretty, and photogenic girl from a stable, middle-class family with two Doctors as parents who lived in a detached house in Leicestershire (Independent.co.uk). On the other hand, Shannon Matthews came from a working class family living in a council house in Dewsbury Moor. Her father hadn’t seen her for years while she lived with her mother, step-father and six other siblings – of which were from her mother’s relationships with five different partners (Independent.co.uk). While the public’s hearts where captured by the story of Madeline McCann, Shannon Matthews did not attract the same type of attention. Public donations for Shannon Matthews only managed to reach thousands at most (Independent.co.uk) yet public donations for Madeline McCann excelled to  £1.1 millio n and some of these donations were made by A-list celebrities such as; David Beckham, Christiano Ronaldo, John Terry, J K Rowling and more (Independent.co.uk). Madeline McCann personified the concept of an ‘ideal victim’ whereas it was Shannon’s background which denied her the ‘deserving’ victim label. The acknowledgement of â€Å"ideal or legitimate victim status and related levels of media interest are clearly influenced by demographic characteristics (Greer, 2007:23). The media’s role in representing the cases of these two missing girls show that ‘class’ can be a major factor in portraying who becomes deserving of the label ‘victim’. Not only the factor of ‘class’ but other demographic characteristics such as age, sexuality, race and gender can sometimes determine the media’s interest in a somewhat direct style. Still, the idea remains that the majority of criminal victimisation both emphasises and imitates social inequalities and divisions, and whilst doing this â€Å"feeds into the wider structures of power, dominance and subjugation from which they derive† (Greer, 2007:42). It can be said that in the media representation of ‘victims’ of a missing persons case, or crimes similar to this, that these inequalities remain to have the greatest impact. This impact is shown through the portrayal of such victims who appear to show prospects of newsworthiness. However, the impact ca n equally be detected from the consideration of those who do not show horizons of newsworthiness. To conclude, this essay has explored the question of whether certain victims are more ‘deserving’ of the label than others, and used different theories and concepts to analyse this. Firstly the essay looked at two theories of victimology; radical and critical, and showed how different types of people may be more victimised than others – largely through social structures of the power of the state. From these theories the question arose of what an ‘ideal’ victim may constitute and this concept was explored through criminologist Nils Christie, which in his perspective the ideal victim would be a vulnerable person (youth or elderly) carrying out an innocent task (going to visit a family member or friend) and being robbed or attacked by a person out of their control (strong and perhaps a drug/alcohol abuser). Then from this concept came the issue of; is there are certain people more deserving of the label victim, and what is this decision based upon? This essay used the idea that the media plays a large role in portraying who the ideal victim is and who is not. This portrayal was used through the news coverage and stories of the disappearance of two young girls, Madeline McCann in 2007 and Shannon Matthews eight months later in 2008. Madeline McCann was a young pretty girl from a middle class background, whereas Shannon Matthews was from a working class background living in a council house with brothers and sisters who had different fathers. The news coverage of Madeline McCann was much greater than Shannon Matthews, to the point where everyone around the world knew who Madeline McCann was on a first name basis, whereas Shannon Matthews struggled to even be known by the whole of the U.K. Therefore the media portrayed Madeline McCann to be a more deserving victim than Shannon Matthews based upon their looks, backgrounds and ‘newsworthiness’ and evidence of this can be shown through the differences in; public donations, re wards, Wikipedia profiles and how many news articles where printed about each girl after nine days of each of their disappearances. Bibliography BBC. 2010.Shannon Matthews Timeline. [ONLINE] Available at:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7733586.stm. [Accessed 09 March 15]. Pamela Davies 2004.  Victimisation: Theory, Research and Policy. Edition. Palgrave Macmillan Paul C. Friday, 2000.  Victimology at the Transition From the 20th to the 21st Century. Montreal, Canada: World Society of Victimology. Chris Greer, 2007. News Media, Victims and Crime. Chapter 2, Pages 20-49 Michael J Hindelang, 2009. Toward a theory of personal criminal victimology.Victims and Victimisation, Pages 26-40. Independent. 2008. Missing: The contrasting searches for Shannon and Madeleine. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/missing-the-contrasting-searches-for-shannon-and-madeleine-790207.html. [Accessed 06 March 15] Magnus Lindgren, Vesna NikoliĆ¡-RistanoviĆ¡, 2011.  Crime Victims International and Serbian Perspective. 1st ed. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Mission to Serbia, Law Enforcement Department Ian Marsh, 2004.  Criminal Justice: An Introduction to Philosophies, Theories and Practice. 1 Edition. Routledge. The Telegraph. 2008.  Master of media circus for Madeleine McCann. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1902515/Master-of-media-circus-for-Madeleine-McCann.html. [Accessed 01 March 15]. Alison Wakefield, Jenny Fleming, 2008.  The SAGE Dictionary of Policing. Edition. SAGE Publications Ltd Pamela Wilcox, 2010. Victimisation, theories of. Encyclopaedia of victimology and crime prevention. Pages 978-986. Sage Publications. Brian Williams, 2009.  Victims and Victimisation: A Reader (Readings in Criminology and Criminal Justice). 1 Edition. Open University Press. 2015.. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~skenney/courses/4099/VCLASS1.2.pdf. [Accessed 13 March 2015] Kidneys: Function and Structure Kidneys: Function and Structure The kidneys are essential for regulating the volume and composition of bodily fluids. This page outlines key regulatory systems involving the kidneys for controlling volume, sodium and potassium concentrations, and the pH of bodily fluids. A most critical concept for you to understand is how water and sodium regulation are integrated to defend the body against all possible disturbances in the volume and osmolarity of bodily fluids. Simple examples of such disturbances include dehydration, blood loss, salt ingestion, and plain water ingestion. How water balance is regulated by ADH Water balance is achieved in the body by ensuring that the amount of water consumed in food and drink (and generated by metabolism) equals the amount of water excreted. The consumption side is regulated by behavioural mechanisms, including thirst and salt cravings. While almost a litre of water per day is lost through the skin, lungs, and feces, the kidneys are the major site of regulated excretion of water. One way the kidneys can directly control the volume of bodily fluids is by the amount of water excreted in the urine. Either the kidneys can conserve water by producing urine that is concentrated relative to plasma, or they can rid the body of excess water by producing urine that is dilute relative to plasma. Direct control of water excretion in the kidneys is exercised by vasopressin, or anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), a peptide hormone secreted by the hypothalamus. ADH causes the insertion of water channels into the membranes of cells lining the collecting ducts, allowing water reabsorption to occur. Without ADH, little water is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts and dilute urine is excreted. How the kidney uses a counter current mechanism Because the human body does not maintain a constant water volume, the kidneys have to compensate for the lack of or excess of water consumed. The kidneys use a transport system called the counter-current mechanism to accomplish this (Hoppensteadt et al, 186). The name is based on the fact that concentration first increases in the direction of flow, then decreases as flow continues through the ascending parallel loop. The mechanism relies on the adjacent, parallel loops of Henle and vasa recta. In the ascending loop, Na+ or any solute is actively pumped out of the tubule. Because water is impermeable in the ascending loop, the volume at the bottom of the loop is the same as that entering the distal tubule. At the bottom of the loop, the tubular and interstitial concentrations are equal. In the descending loop, the concentrations inside and outside the tubule are increasing with the current, with the maximum concentration being reached at the bottom of the loop. The increased concentration is the result of the passive diffusion of Na+ into the tubule and water out of the tubule. When the filtrate reaches the distal tubule, a net loss of Na+ and water has occurred through the loops of Henle. How the PH is controlled by the kidney The secretion of further substances not required by the body may take place in the distal convoluted tubule, e.g. hydrogen and hydro carbonate ions. This is very important in the control of plasma Ph, which must be maintained at 7.4. If the pH plasma falls, hydrogen ions are excreted by the kidney; if the plasma pH raises hydrogen carbonate ions secreted. Active Transport Active transport is the energy-demanding transfer of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, i.e., from lower concentration to higher concentration. Special proteins within the cell membrane act as specific protein carriers. The energy for active transport comes from ATP generated by respiration (in mitochondria). Major examples of Active Transport such as: Re-absorption of glucose, Amino acids Salts by the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron in the kidney. A mechanism of active transport which move potassium ions into and sodium ions out of a cell along with protein (or enzyme) channel. It is found in all human cells, but is especially important in nerve and muscle cells. The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport, with energy supplied by ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules, to move 3 sodium ions to the outside of the cell for each 2 potassium ions that it moves in. One third of the bodys energy expenditure is used in this process. Buffer system The kidneys and the lungs work together to help maintain a blood pH of 7.4 by affecting the components of the buffers in the blood. Therefore, to understand how these organs help control the pH of the blood, we must first discuss how buffers work in solution. Acid-base buffers confer resistance to a change in the pH of a solution when hydrogen ions (protons) or hydroxide ions are added or removed. An acid-base buffer typically consists of a weak acid, and its base (salt). Buffers work because the concentrations of the weak acid and its salt are large compared to the amount of protons or hydroxide ions added or removed. When protons are added to the solution from an external source, some of the base component of the buffer is converted to the weak-acid component (therefore, using up most of the protons added); when hydroxide ions are added to the solution (or, equivalently, protons are removed from the solution; protons are dissociated from some of the weak-acid molecules of the buffer, converting them to the base of the buffer (and therefore replenishing most of the protons removed). However, the change in acid and base concentrations is small relative to the amounts of these species present in solution. Hence, the ratio of acid to base changes only slightly. Thus, the effect on the pH of the solution is small, within certain limitations on the amount of H+ or OH- added or removed. Other buffers perform a more minor role than the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer in regulating the pH of the blood. The phosphate buffer consists of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) in equilibrium with dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2PO4-) and H+. The pK for the phosphate buffer is 6.8, which allows this buffer to function within its optimal buffering range at physiological pH. The phosphate buffer only plays a minor role in the blood, however, because H3PO4 and H2PO4- are found in very low concentration in the blood. Haemoglobin also acts as a pH buffer in the blood. Protein can reversibly bind either H+ (to the protein) or O2, but that when one of these substances is bound, the other is released (as explained by the Bohr effect). During exercise, haemoglobin helps to control the pH of the blood by binding some of the excess protons that are generated in the muscles. At the same time, molecular oxygen is released for use by the muscles. The symptoms of kidney failure: There are two types of kidney failure; one of them is acute renal failure and the other type is: Chronic renal failure. Acute renal failure. Blood loss, causing a drop in blood pressure. Vomiting and diarrhea, causing dehydration. Crush injuries. If large amounts of muscle are damaged there is a release of toxic protein substances that are harmful to the kidneys. Sudden blockage of urine drainage. Chronic renal failure The damage to the kidneys is usually silent and not noticed at an early stage. It may be discovered incidentally from blood or urine tests done for other reasons. High blood pressure very commonly occurs with it. Symptoms are uncommon unless kidney failure is far advanced, when any of the following may be present: The symptoms of Chronic renal failure Tiredness Itching Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Breathlessness Fluid retention, shown as ankle swelling Weakness. The importance to the body to maintain acid base levels All the cells that make up the human body are slightly alkaline and the alkalinity must be maintained in order to function and remain healthy. However, their cellular activity creates acid and this acid is what gives the cell energy and function. As each alkaline cell performs its task of respiration, it secrets metabolic wastes and these end products of cellular metabolism are acid in nature. Although these wastes are used for energy and function, they must not be allowed to build up. An example of this would be the lactic acid which is created through exercise. The body will go to great lengths to neutralise and detoxify these acids before they act as poisons in and around the cell, ultimately changing the environment of the cell. The human body is very intelligent; as the human body become more acidic the body starts to set up defence mechanisms to keep the damaging acid from entering our organs. Its known as that the acid gets stored in the fat cells. However, if the acid does come to contact with an organ the acid has a chance to eat holes in the tissue which may cause the cell to mutate (change in a chromosome or a gene). The oxygen level drops in this acidic environment and calcium begins to be depleted. So as a defense mechanism, our body may actually make fat to protect us from our overly-acidic self. Those fat cells and cellulite deposits may actually be packing up the acid and trying to keep it a safe distance from our organs to safe them from damage. The effect of exercise on body fluid requirements Optimal pH of the blood is 7.2, the body will do everything it can to maintain that pH. This is necessary to run the entire bodys biochemical pathways for detoxification, building, and general maintenance. The body has several control mechanisms to keep it at this pH and they include getting rid of excess acid or base by-products through the lungs, saliva and urine. When the body is sick in any way this pH is disrupted. Most times your body is trying to keep up with the extra acid produced. Acids are produced from lack of oxygen, eating an imbalance of protein and carbohydrates and other acid producing foods, and by cell breakdown and production of metabolic waste. During exercise, the muscles use up oxygen as they convert chemical energy in glucose to mechanical energy. This O2 comes from hemoglobin in the blood. CO2 and H+ are produced during the breakdown of glucose, and are removed from the muscle via the blood. The production and removal of CO2 and H+, together with the use and transport of O2, cause chemical changes in the blood. These chemical changes, unless offset by other physiological functions, cause the pH of the blood to drop. If the pH of the body gets too low (below7.4) this result in a condition known as acidosis. This can be very serious, because many of the chemical reactions that occur in the body, especially those involving proteins, are pH-dependent. Ideally, the pH of the blood should be maintained at 7.4. If the pH drops below 6.8 or rises above 7.8, death may occur. Fortunately, we have buffers in the blood to protect against large changes in pH. Production of CO2 is a result of normal body metabolism. Exercise will increase the production of CO2 through increased respiration in the lungs. When oxygen (O2) is inhaled and CO2 is exhaled, the blood transports these gases to the lungs and body tissues. The bodys metabolism produces acids that are buffered and then excreted by the lungs and kidneys to maintain body fluids at a neutral pH. Disruptions in CO2 levels and HCO3 -create acid-base imbalances. When acid-base imbalances occur, the disturbances can be broadly divided into either acidosis (excess acid) or alkalosis (excess base/alkali). Urine becomes increasingly acidic as the amount of excess acid retained by the body increases. Alkaline urine, usually containing bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer, is normally excreted when there is an excess of base or alkali in the body. Secretion of acid or alkaline urine by the kidneys is one of the most important mechanisms the body uses to maintain a constant body pH. As we exercise the urine pH becomes more acidic because the condition which known as acidosis have occurred and this results from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as starvation and dehydration. As we exercise the temperature increases, and the amount of O2 released from the haemoglobin. Heat is a bi product of the metabolic reactions of all cells and the heat released by contracting muscle fibers tends to raise body temperature. Metabolically active cells require more O2 and liberate more acids and heat. If we have an increase in temperature, it causes the rate of respiration to increase too. Because O2 tends to be released from the haemoglobin compared to when the weather is cold. This explains why during fever, a person will breathe faster than normal person. In contrast, during hypothermia (lowered body temperature) cellular metabolism slows and the need for O2 is reduced, and more O2 remains bound to haemoglobin. Body Adjustment to improve fitness levels Exercises help our body to adjust and improve its capacity for physical activities. In order to increase our overall fitness level we have to concentrate on three different areas: Cardiovascular training Strength training Flexibility training Cardiovascular training Cardiovascular training is aerobic exercise that involves the large muscles like legs and helps make the heart and lungs stronger. Cardiovascular exercise has lots of health benefits like lowering the blood pressure, and also it can burn lots of calories. This type of exercise leads to improvements in the hearts ability to pump blood through the body to the working muscles and improves overall cardiovascular health. It is also linked to a number of health improvements including a decreased risk of many diseases, decreases in total cholesterol, blood pressure and levels of body fat. Strength training In order to improve our strength, a change is needed to be made, otherwise if we simply lift the same weights, the same way, then we will stay the same our training is maintenance based. If we want to improve our strength training, then we will need to apply a number of different variations into our workout routines to avoid letting the body become adapted to the current strength training workouts. A muscle will only strengthen when forced to operate beyond its customary intensity (overload). Overload can be progressed by increasing the: (1) Resistance e.g. adding more weight. (2) Number of repetitions with a particular weight. (3) Number of sets of the exercise. (4) Intensity, i.e. reducing the recovery periods Flexibility training Flexibility is a joints ability to move through a full range of motion. Flexibility training, also called flexibility stretching that helps balance muscle groups that might be overused during exercise or physical activity. There are many benefits to flexibility training. Some of the benefits are: Improved Physical Performance. Decreased Risk of Injury. Increased Blood and Nutrients to Tissues. Stretching increases tissue temperature, which increases circulation and nutrient transport. Increased circulation and nutrient transport allows greater elasticity of surrounding tissues and increases performance. Maintaining Fluid Balances Fluid balance defines the state where a bodys required amount of water is present and proportioned normally among the various compartments; this state is inseparable from electrolyte balance. Under normal conditions water loss equals water gain and a bodys water volume remains constant. Avenues for water loss include the kidneys, skin, lungs, feces, and menstruation. Water is sourced mostly from dietary intake; this is called preformed water. Water is not produced by the body to maintain homeostasis; metabolic water production is simply a by-product of cellular respiration. The body regulates water intake via the thirst reflex which stimulates us to drink. When water loss is greater than water gain the body reaches a state of dehydration, and dehydration stimulates the thirst reflex in three ways: The level of saliva drops resulting in a dry mucosa in the mouth and pharynx; There is an increase in blood osmotic pressure which stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus; There is a drop in blood volume, which leads to the renin/angiotensin pathway stimulating the thirst centre in the hypothalamus. When the blood looses excessive fluid dehydration occurs and the blood becomes more viscous (reduce ability to flow). This results in insufficient blood supply to the working muscles. After exercise, a drop in body fluid results in an increase in blood tonicity and a decrease in blood volume which in turn causes the release of renin in the kidneys and stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.Therefore after exercise, the exerciser must focus on the following areas: Effect of drinks Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to fluid ingestion Carbohydrates feeding and exercise performance Sports drinks must be formulated to taste best when people are hot and sweaty so that they can drink as much as they possibly can. The sports drinks are absorbed faster than plain water during exercise and rest. During exercise fluid consumption is vital for two primary purposes safe guarding health and optimizing performance Therefore, we need to consume more carbohydrate which helps maintaining blood glucose and increases carbohydrate oxidation, assure skeletal muscle and CNS sufficient supply of energy. Sources Used http://www.enotes.com/nursing-encyclopedia/acid-base-balance http://www.shodor.org/Master/biomed/physio/dialysis/kidfunc.htm http://www.8candlesonline.com/purify/what_is/alkalinity.html http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb135e/kidneyfluid.html http://www.ann.com.au/MedSci/fluid.htm Books Essential AS Biology by( Glenn and Susan Toole) AS Biology by (Pete Kennedy and Frank Sochacki)